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Common Hawthorn

Crataegus monogyna
Updated Feb 09, 2023
 
1

Make a Positive Identification

  • Common hawthorn is also known as English Hawthorn.
  • It was planted in landscapes and hedgerows. It is now spreading into other areas.
Species: Common hawthorn
Common Hawthorn leaves and fruits

iStock

Common hawthorn grows 6–30 feet tall as a thorny, deciduous small tree or shrub. It often forms a thicket.

Species: Common hawthorn
Common hawthorn leaf

Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org

Leathery leaves grow alternately on stems. They are 3–7 lobed and 1–2 inches long.

Species: Common hawthorn
Common hawthorn flowers and leaves

Flowers occur on short stems clustered in flat-topped groups of 10–20. Each flower has five sepals and five white petals that age to light pink. Common hawthorn’s pollen has a powerful smell.

Species: Common hawthorn
Common hawthorn stems with thorns and berries

Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org

The thorns on common hawthorn are large and dangerous. If you are injured by a thorn, clean the wound with soap and water.

Species: Common hawthorn
Common hawthorn leaves and berries

Fruit is a ¼- to ½-inch round, and dark red to crimson that persists into late winter. Birds eat the fruits and spread the seeds to new areas.

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LOOK-ALIKE: Black Hawthorn
Species: Black hawthorn
Leaf of black hawthorn

Common hawthorn has hybridized with the Pacific Northwest native hawthorn Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn). Black hawthorn has rounder, un-lobed leaves compared to common hawthorn.

Helpful

If you planted black hawthorn or confirm its identity, keep it on your property. As a native plant, it is beneficial to the environment.

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2

Common Hawthorn Benefits

  • Where it is not invasive, common hawthorn is a good hedgerow plant.
 

Common Hawthorn Risks

  • Stems have stout thorns/spines. If you are injured by a thorn, clean the wound with soap and water.
  • Birds eat common hawthorn fruits and carry seeds to new locations.
  • Common hawthorn is spreading into natural areas and neglected sites.
  • A dense stand of common hawthorn displaces and excludes desirable forest understory plants.
  • Common hawthorn presence degrades forestry and rangelands.
Risk Card
Does it cause harm?
Adults & Children
Some
Property
High
Pets
None
Annoyance
High
Environment
High
Action Recommended
 
3

TAKE ACTION

If you have common hawthorn on your property, take action to control its spread. Don’t allow common hawthorn plants to establish. Keep birds from spreading the seeds.

Do I need to take action?

  • For landscape areas where common hawthorn was planted, prevent it from producing berries.
  • Remove unwanted common hawthorn plants, before they become a bigger problem.

What if I do nothing?

  • Common hawthorn thickets will grow denser, and make the area unusable.
  • Common hawthorn will spread by seeds to new areas. The longer you wait to act, the more time and effort will be required to control it.
 
4

Prevent Common Hawthorn

Bonsai pruned common hawthorn
Keeping Hawthorn Plants in Landscapes
  • If you want to keep common hawthorn plants growing in your landscape, prevent the plant from forming fruits by pruning it regularly.
  • If fruits form, cut them out before they ripen to keep birds from spreading the seeds.
  • The photo shows a heavily pruned common hawthorn plant growing in a container.
Common hawthorn seedling
Watch for Regrowth and Seedlings
  • It is common for cut stumps of common hawthorn to re-grow significantly.
  • After you disturb a stand of common hawthorn, new seeds will germinate. Look for seedlings and remove them as soon as possible.
Landscape area with native plants growing densely together

Weston Miller, Oregon State University

Replant the Affected Area
  • After controlling common hawthorn, consider replanting the area. Replanting is needed when common hawthorn growth or removal significantly damages a site and few or no desirable plants remain.
  • Create a multi-year revegetation plan. Plans include site preparation and planting details, plant care, and follow-up control for common hawthorn and other weeds.
  • Plan for at least 2–3 years of monitoring and maintenance.
  • Your local extension specialist, soil and water conservation district, or a professional revegetation specialist can suggest strategies for your area.
 
5
Solutions for Common Hawthorn

Early Detection and Rapid Response

Watch for common hawthorn on property you manage. Remove it before it becomes a bigger problem.

Physical Removal of Plants and Non-Chemical Options

  • Pull or dig out seedlings and small plants with hand tools. Remove as much of the root as possible.
  • Dispose of fruits in a plastic bag. Put fruits in the trash. Other plant parts can be composted.

Herbicides (Weed Killers)

Herbicides effectively control common hawthorn when used according to label directions.

Monitoring and Follow-up

  • In areas where common hawthorn grows, expect new seedlings to emerge for many years.
  • Look for common hawthorn on your property every year and act as needed.

Controlling Large Stands of Common Hawthorn

Monitor your property each year. Control or remove unwanted common hawthorn plants as needed.

NEED HELP?

Consider a licensed pest control company. Learn How to Hire a Pest Control Company.
Your local Extension Specialist in Oregon  and other states  can suggest other methods.

Jump to

Method Does it work? Is it safe? Recommendation
A
Physically Remove Plants
Effective
Moderate risk
Recommended
B
Herbicides Triclopyr and Glyphosate
Effective
Moderate risk
Use if Necessary
C
If Using Herbicides, Protect Yourself & Minimize Risks
 
A

Physically Remove Plants

Non-Chemical Method

Weston Miller, Oregon State University

Physically Remove Plants

Recommended

Dig out individual plants and small patches. Remove the roots. This may not kill the plants if not all the roots are removed. Control requires monitoring and follow-up.

Does it work?
Effective
  • Several years of monitoring and effort are required to get rid of common hawthorn.
  • Use preventive measures for best results.
How much effort?
High effort
  • Cut and remove stems to gain access to roots. Dig the roots out with tools.
  • Return to the area each year and take action as needed.
What's the risk?
Moderate risk
  • Wear thick gloves, clothing, and shoes to protect yourself from common hawthorn thorns.
  • If you are injured by common hawthorn thorns, clean the wound with soap and water.
Possible risk of exposure or harm from chemicals
NONE
  • Control large common hawthorn plants by cutting stems near the ground. Expect regrowth from the stem below the cut. Plan further action to kill the new shoots.
  • Dig or pull out plants when the soil is moist. Soil disturbance encourages seed to germinate.
  • Dispose of the plants by chipping. Or dispose of them in your green bin or local green waste composting facility.
A selection of hand tools for removing common hawthorn plants

Weston Miller, Oregon State University

Cut stems with loppers or saw. Dig out the root crown with picks, shovels, or similar tools. Remove as much root crown as possible from the soil to reduce sucker growth. Use shovels, picks, and similar tools.

Worker using weed wrench tool to remove a shrub

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Manual removal of common hawthorn is effective but labor-intensive. Using a Weed Wrench™ or similar tool makes it easier to remove smaller common hawthorn shrubs.

Worker feeding plant stems into a tractor-mounted chipper

iStock

Use a chipper to dispose of the stems. Or compost in place.

COMMON Hawthorn Removal Tips

  • Dig or pull out plants when the soil is moist.
  • The best time to pull plants out of the ground is following rain and before warm, dry weather. Moist soil is easier to work with when pulling young plants out of the ground.
  • Soil disturbance encourages seeds to germinate. Return to the site and kill seedlings.

Soil Disturbance and Erosion

  • Minimize soil disturbance as much as possible when removing common hawthorn.
  • Regrade the soil after digging roots. Apply mulch (when appropriate).
  • Take steps to prevent erosion as needed.
  • Replant the area to shade common hawthorne seedlings.

Composting in Place

  • Compost the plant material in place.
  • Use loppers or a saw to cut the branches so they lie flat, and make a pile with the branches.
  • This step will help the material to break down faster and poses less of a fire risk.
 
B

Herbicides Triclopyr and Glyphosate

Chemical Method: Use with caution

Chameleonseye, iStock

Herbicides Triclopyr and Glyphosate

Use if Necessary

Herbicide products that contain the active ingredients triclopyr and glyphosate effectively control common hawthorn when used according to label directions.

Does it work?
Effective
  • Several years of monitoring and effort are necessary to get rid of common hawthorn.
  • Use preventive measures for best results.
How much effort?
Moderate effort
  • Treat individual common hawthorn plants and patches.
  • Return to the area each year and take action as needed.
What's the risk?
Moderate risk
  • Herbicides come with real risks. ALWAYS read the entire label front to back. Review instructions even for brands you know.
  • Herbicides can run off your site into waterways and may harm wildlife. See How to Keep Pesticides Out of Waterways.
Possible risk of exposure or harm from chemicals
El uso de herbicidas conlleva cierto grado de riesgo. El riesgo más bajo se presenta con el uso de métodos alternativos.

You may be exposed to an herbicide if you:

  • Get it on your skin
  • Breathe it in
  • Eat or smoke afterward without washing hands
  • Touch or eat plants that are wet with spray (you, pets, or children)
  • Bring it inside on your shoes or clothes

Follow directions closely to reduce risk.

Herbicides with active ingredients triclopyr and/or glyphosate, used individually or in a mixture, are effective chemical treatments for common hawthorn. Look for these chemical names in the “Active Ingredients” section of product labels.

Photo of herbicide label highlighting active ingredient triclopyr

Weston Miller, Oregon State University

  • The white box on the example product label highlights active ingredient triclopyr. The text on the label states “Kills completely — stumps and roots won’t grow.”
  • Triclopyr doesn’t injure most grasses. It is a good choice for treating common hawthorn that is growing next to desired grasses in lawn, pasture, and meadow areas.
  • Triclopyr works well as a cut-stump treatment January through March. A mix of glyphosate and triclopyr may be an effective foliar spray in the same time period.
Photo of herbicide label highlighting active ingredient glyphosate

Weston Miller, Oregon State University

  • The white box on the example label highlights active ingredient glyphosate. Text on the label states “Kills grass and weeds around flower beds, trees, shrubs....”
  • A mix of glyphosate and triclopyr may be an effective foliar spray January through March.
  • Glyphosate will damage most plants and grasses. Don’t let the spray contact plants you want to keep.

Herbicide Application Tips

  • Premixed products are available in hardware stores and garden centers.
  • Apply herbicide to common hawthorn when it is actively growing. Treat it before fruit develops to minimize seed production.
  • Common herbicide application techniques include foliar, cut-stump, and basal bark application. See examples below.
  • Triclopyr works well as a cut-stump treatment January through March. A mix of glyphosate and triclopyr may be an effective foliar spray in the same time period.
  • Look for common hawthorn regrowth and new seedlings. Control it as needed.
Minimize the potential impact of herbicides to bees and other pollinators. Treat common hawthorn plants before they flower. If plants are blossoming when you need to treat them, use the cut-stump or basal-bark herbicide application technique. Avoid spraying pollinators directly. For more information, see OSU’s How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides.

 

Herbicide Application Methods

Foliar (leaves), basal-bark, and cut-stump application methods all effectively kill common hawthorn. Choose the right method for your situation.

Worker spraying herbicide on 2-3 feet tall plants

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Foliar (Leaves) Application

  • Spraying herbicide on the foliage of common hawthorn is only practical when it can be done without damaging nearby plants you want to keep.
  • Foliar glyphosate applications on woody plants is best done after flowering into early fall. Triclopyr can be used earlier. Triclopyr doesn’t damage grass which reduces hawthorn seed germination.
  • A backpack sprayer is effective for treating small areas.
  • For extensive infestations, treat initially with a foliar application to kill the seedlings, saplings, and mature shoots. Then follow up with basal-bark or cut-stump applications on the remaining living stems.
Diagram of basal-bark herbicide application technique

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Basal-Bark Application

  • This works best for stems that are less than 6 inches in diameter.
  • Concentrated herbicide (oil soluble) is mixed with another ingredient (adjuvant), typically a seed oil.
  • The mixture is sprayed on stems from the ground to a height of 12–18 inches.
  • The plant absorbs the herbicide sprayed in the trunk. The herbicide moves to the roots.
Gloved hand spraying herbicide with dye on cut stump

Lyon Duong, UF/IFAS

Cut-Stump Application

  • Cut stems as close to the ground level as possible.
  • Remove sawdust and debris from the cut.
  • Apply concentrated herbicide to the area just inside the bark. This area has living tissue (cambium) that will transport the herbicide to the roots.
  • Apply herbicide as soon as possible after cutting the stem.
  • For cut-stump applications, triclopyr is more effective during the early summer. Glyphosate is more effective when applied from mid-summer to leaf fall.
 

If Using Herbicides, Protect Yourself & Minimize Risks

Chemical Method: Use with Caution
Blue heron in marsh

BrianLasenby, iStock

Why is it important to read herbicide labels?

  • They have detailed information on how to use the product correctly and legally.
  • They contain information on potential hazards of the product.
  • They provide instructions you should follow for poisonings and spills.
  • Following label instructions helps you to minimize the risks and maximize the benefits.

Key Herbicide Safety Tips

  • Read the entire label front to back.
  • Follow the instructions.
  • Review the instructions even for brands you know.
  • Only apply the product where the label says it may be applied.
  • Be precise in your application. More is not better.

The Label is the Law

ALWAYS read the label before using herbicide products. The label is a legal document that provides information on how to safely use the herbicide. This helps avoid harm to human health and the environment. Using an herbicide in off-label ways is illegal. It can result in legal enforcement actions.

READ THE LABEL & Follow Instructions
It has instructions to protect you and the environment.

  • Labels are different for every product and they often change over time.
  • Use a magnifying glass for small print.
  • Pay attention to CAUTION, WARNING, and DANGER statements.
  • Pay attention to the PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS.
  • The law states you must read and follow herbicide instructions.

Protect Yourself
Eye, skin & lung irritants

  • Wear the right protective gear. This often includes chemical-resistant gloves, safety glasses, a long-sleeve shirt, pants, socks, and shoes.
  • Mix outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
  • Wash hands after mixing or applying, and before eating or smoking.
  • Take a shower immediately after handling herbicides.
  • Wash clothes worn while mixing or applying separately from other laundry.

Protect Children & Pets
Children and pets are at risk if they eat or touch the plants before it dries.

  • Keep them away during and after applying herbicides (read label for how long).
  • Remove toys and pet dishes from yard before applying.
  • Don’t track herbicide products into your home on shoes or clothes.

Protect Pollinators

  • Apply in the early morning or evening when bees are less active.
  • Kill weeds before they flower. Avoid spraying flowering plants.
  • Do not spray on bees or insects.

Protect Plants You Want to Keep

  • Glyphosate and similar herbicide ingredients damage both grass and broadleaf plants.
  • Minimize spraying of foliage, stems, exposed roots, or the trunks of desirable shrubs or trees to avoid harm.
  • Follow the label to avoid damaging the roots of trees and shrubs.

Avoid Wet, Windy, or Hot Weather
Use during favorable weather for best results.

  • Don’t spray when it’s raining or when rain is expected in the next 24 hours.
  • Wind causes spray to drift that can get on you and desired plants.
  • Herbicides may be less effective in hot weather if the target plants are moisture-stressed.
  • Some herbicides can turn into a vapor in hot weather and damage nearby plants.

Don’t Spray into Water

  • It’s illegal to apply herbicides in a stream or slow moving/wetland pool.
  • You need a product registered for aquatic areas. This includes waterways, ditches, drains, and other places where water collects.

Storage & Disposal

  • Store in a secure area away from children.
  • Don’t put unused herbicide products in the trash.
  • Never pour down any drain or waterway.
  • Take unused herbicides to a hazardous waste facility.

Call  1-800-CLEANUP (1-800-253-2687) to find out where to dispose of herbicides.

For the Portland metro region in Oregon, contact Metro’s Recycling Information. Call  503-234-3000, email   or visit Metro’s website  

More about:

About Using Pesticides on School Grounds in Oregon

If using pesticides on school grounds, there are special rules in Oregon. See School Integrated Pest Management  (Oregon Department of Agriculture).

NEED HELP?

The National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC)  can answer questions about pest control chemicals.
 1-800-858-7378 or npic@ace.orst.edu  

Consider using a licensed pest or weed control company. Learn How to Hire a Pest Control Company.

Your local Extension Specialist in Oregon  and other states  can suggest other methods.

Invasive Species Alert

  • Invasives are non-native species that spread aggressively and alter the environment.
  • Controlling common hawthorn is costly.
  • Please do your part to control common hawthorn on property you manage. It can spread beyond your property and have an adverse impact on your neighbors.

If you think you’ve found common hawthorn in the grey areas of this map, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline at:  1-866-INVADER (1-888-468-2337) or use their online reporting form.

open Map static invasive map
Invasive species data @ 2022, iMapInvasives (NatureServe)

The map shows the distribution of common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) in Oregon. If you find common hawthorn in a new area (orange shows already reported cases), please report it.

View Larger Map >
SEE OTHER COMMON PACIFIC NORTHWEST WEEDS

Content provided by editor Weston Miller and writers Signe Danler and J. Jeremiah Mann. Pesticide safety information edited by Kaci Buhl.

 Peer reviewed by OSU Department of Horticulture.

Photo of Weston Miller

Weston Miller

Project Founder and Content Writer

Weston Miller served as Community and Urban Horticulture faculty for Oregon State University Extension Service for Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington Counties. Weston is an author for content for this website. He developed funding partnerships with Portland area agencies to initiate and build out the Solve Pest Problems website focused on this goals:

Signe Danler

Signe Danler (Editor/Writer)

Signe Danler is a veteran Master Gardener and landscape designer, with an MAg degree in Horticulture from OSU, and an emphasis on Urban Horticulture. As instructor for the OSU Extension Service online Home Horticulture and Master Gardener Program, she uses her experience and training in gardening, urban forestry and ecological landscaping to communicate about and promote sustainable gardening and landscaping practices.

J. Jeremiah Mann

J. Jeremiah Mann

J. Jeremiah Mann completed a Physical Science undergraduate degree at Humboldt State University, and M.S, Ph.D focusing on plant science topics at UC Davis. He went on to work for the Natural Resources Conservation Service and in a leadership position serving a private agricultural technology company. He currently lives in Sacramento California where he consults on pest and property management topics.

Photo of Kaci Buhl

Kaci Buhl

At the state level, I lead the Pesticide Safety Education Program (PSEP). The program hosts live recertification events around the state, serving over 1,000 licensed pesticide applicators each year. We also produce web-based training modules and license-preparation study manuals. Special training for unlicensed pesticide applicators is also available through a grant from the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program. The PSEP at OSU works closely with the Oregon Department of Agriculture's Pesticides Division.

COMMON HAWTHORN REFERENCES

English Hawthorn  
Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board

English Hawthorn Identification and Control  
King County Noxious Weeds Control Program