Cheatgrass germinates and grows throughout fall and winter and spring following sufficient precipitation. Plants grow to 4-30 inches tall, depending on available soil moisture and fertility.

Cheatgrass flowers in spring. Flowers are small and grow in nodding, hairy bunches (inflorescences) 3 to 9 inches long. Flowers turn a reddish-brown color as shown in the photo.

Individual cheatgrass plants may produce dozens to hundreds of seeds. Most seeds germinate the following fall. Seeds remain viable in the soil for up to 5 years.

Seeds stick to shoes, clothing, and pets. They are easily transported to new areas.

Leaf blades are narrow. They grow up to 0.2 inches wide.

Plants grow 2 to 20 stems that have soft, short hairs on the lower half of the stem (leaf sheath).

False brome germinates in late fall and spring. Plants mature into compact bunches of bright-green leaves throughout spring, summer, and fall. Plants remain green in mild winter temperatures, and in some colder winter locations, the leaves and stems die and become white thatch.

Individual false brome plants produce dozens to hundreds of seeds. Seeds are spread by animals, people, or equipment that move through infested areas. Most seeds germinate within a year or two.

False brome flowers in summer. Groups of flowers grow in pale green, drooping spikelets that are attached directly to the flowering stem. Spikelets are 1-2 inches long. There are 5-10 spikelets per flowering stem, as shown in the photo. Each spikelet has 7-17 individual flowers.

False brome is expanding quickly in closed-canopy forests, woodlands, oak savannah, grasslands, roadside trails, and disturbed areas.

It degrades habitat by suppressing native plant understory growth.

False Brome Distribution & Reporting

Red areas show Oregon counties where false brome is widespread. Yellow areas show counties where it has limited distribution. It is not known to occur in the grey areas.

Reporting in Oregon

You can help Oregon agencies track the distribution of invasive species.

If you have false brome growing on your property, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline. Call 1-866-INVADER (1-866-468-2337). Or use their online reporting form.

Jubatagrass grows in moist, cool coastal areas. It is found in dunes, drainage ditches, roadsides, cut slopes, forestry operations, and disturbed areas.

Mature leaves are 0.8-1.2 inches wide and grow 3-6 feet above the ground. Bright-green leaves ascend and spread horizontally compared to pampasgrass. The blades are flatter and less coiled compared to pampasgrass.

Immature jubatagrass flowering plumes are deep violet and can grow 3-6 feet above leaves. Plumes occur in late summer-early fall.

Mature jubatagrass flowering plumes fade to pinkish or tan color. Jubatagrass flowers are effectively all female; however, plants produce viable seeds. Each jubatagrass flowering plume can create roughly 100,000 seeds. An individual plant creates millions of seeds yearly. Seeds are less than 0.1 inches long and are dispersed on air currents, animals, clothes, and equipment.

Seeds live less than six months and require moist bare ground in spring to germinate and grow new plants. Seedlings compete poorly with native plants in shady conditions.

Mature jubatagrass forms a robust root system that often needs heavy equipment to remove.

Pampasgrass is often grown in landscapes. In comparison to jubata grass, pampasgrass plants grown in landscapes don’t always create viable seeds. If you have pampasgrass in your landscape, look for new seedlings in bare-ground areas. If you don’t see new seedlings, then you can leave the plants alone. If you do see new seedlings, then remove the pampasgrass plants from your landscape.

Immature female pampasgrass flowering plumes are white and grow 0-3 feet above leaves. The male flowering plumes are white-violet and grow 0-6 feet above leaves. Plumes occur midsummer-early fall. The immature plumes of jubata grass are violet-colored in comparison.

When both male and female pampasgrass flower heads grow together, they form viable seeds. In this case, it spreads to new areas, which makes it an invasive plant species. Pampasgrass grows in moist, cool coastal areas. It tolerates a wider range of cool and warm temperatures compared to jubatagrass. Pampasgrass grows in the increased sunlight intensity and drought found at inland sites. It is found in dunes, drainage ditches, roadsides, cut slopes, forestry operations, and disturbed areas.

Jubatagrass Distribution & Reporting

Red areas show Oregon counties where jubatagrass is widespread. Yellow areas shows counties where it has limited distribution. Gray areas show counties where it is not known to occur.

Report Invasive Species

You can help Oregon agencies track the distribution of invasive species.

If you observe an infestation of jubatagrass or pampasgrass on your property, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline. Call 1-866-INVADER (1-866-468-2337). Or use their online reporting form.

Himalayan blackberry takes over neglected areas. Plants live for many years (perennial). Canes grow up to 15 feet tall. They grow on the ground or through vegetation or structures.

Himalayan blackberry thorns are large and dangerous. If you are injured by a blackberry thorn, clean the wound with soap and water.

Birds and mammals eat the berries and spread seeds widely.

 Leaves are palm-shaped with a central stem. Each leaf has five leaflets (sometimes three) with toothed margins.

Himalayan blackberry flowers have five petals in shades of white to pink. They are very attractive to honey bees and other pollinators.

Mature broom shrubs are three to ten feet tall with dense, slender stems and yellow flowers. Many broom shrubs often grow together.

The flowers are yellow and about 1 inch long, and typical of many plants in the pea family.

Broom species are nitrogen-fixing plants. This trait helps broom grow in areas with poor quality and disturbed soils.

Seed pods (fruits) are hairy along the seam and turn from green to brown as they dry.

A mature Scotch broom plant produces about fifteen thousand seeds per year. The seeds remain viable in the soil for ten or more years.

Scotch Broom Distribution & Reporting in Oregon

Red shows counties in Oregon where Scotch broom is widespread. Yellow shows counties where it has limited distribution. Green shows an area where Scotch broom has been eliminated. Grey areas show counties where it is not known to occur.

Reporting Invasive Species

You can help Oregon agencies track the distribution of invasive species.

If you know about an infestation of Scotch broom, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline. Call 1-866-INVADER (1-866-468-2337). Or use the online reporting form.

Mature gorse shrubs are three to ten feet tall with dense, slender stems and yellow flowers. Many gorse shrubs often grow together.

The flowers are about one inch long and typical of many plants in the pea family.

Gorse spines are large and dangerous. If you are injured by a gorse spine, clean the wound with soap and water.

Evergreen vine with waxy leaves. Forms a thick mat often growing over other plants.

Leaf shape and size vary on a single plant. When growing on the ground in vegetative growth stage, it has angular leaves with three to seven tips.

Leaves respond to direct or strong indirect sunlight. They become more round with a single tip.

Birds eat ivy berries and carry seeds to new locations. The seeds sprout and new ivy plants grow.

Single ivy plants grow vigorous root systems. Vines sprawl across the ground and grow up trees, shrubs, and structures as shown in the photo. New plants start from cut or broken pieces of ivy stems.

English Ivy Distribution & Invasive Species Reporting in Oregon

Red areas show counties in Oregon where English ivy is widespread. Grey areas show where it is not known to occur.

Invasive Species Reporting

You can help Oregon agencies track the distribution of invasive species.

If you know about an infestation of ivy, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline. Call 1-866-INVADER (1-866-468-2337). Or use their online reporting form.

Tree-of-heaven is a fast-growing deciduous tree. It grows as a single tree or as many stems as shown in the photo.

Leaves have a large central stem with leaflets arranged opposite each other along the stem. A single leaf is 1-3 feet long.

Established female trees produce hundreds of thousands of seeds each year. The seed forms inside clusters of samaras (seed pods). They remain on the tree through winter.

Mature trees grow as a single trunk up to 100 feet tall. Bark is textured and colored shades of brown and grey as trees age.

Tree-of-heaven has an extensive root system, including shallow roots. The shallow roots produce many shoots that emerge far from the trunk of the established tree.

Tree-of-Heaven Distribution & Invasive Species Reporting in Oregon

The yellow areas on the map of Oregon show counties where tree-of-heaven has limited distribution. Grey areas show counties where it is not known to occur.

Invasive Species Reporting

You can help Oregon agencies track the distribution of invasive species.

If you know about an infestation of tree-of-heaven, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline. Call 1-866-INVADER (1-866-468-2337). Or use their online reporting form.

INVASIVE SPECIES ALERT: Spotted Lantern Fly

This invasive insect feeds on tree-of-heaven and damages many agricultural crops. It is established in the Eastern United States. It is not known to occur in the Pacific Northwest at this time. Look for this insect pest and if you find it, report it. Learn more.

Stems grow from three to four feet tall and wide. White flowers form at the top of the stems in the spring.

Seeds germinate in the late winter or early spring and grow into rosettes with kidney-shaped, toothed leaves. Individual plants live as rosettes one year.

Garlic mustard plants live for two years. In the spring of its second year garlic mustard grows stems and triangular leaves with toothed edges. The leaves are arranged opposite each other along the stem. White flowers with four petals grow at the top of the stems.

Garlic mustard spreads quickly by seed. Larger, mature plants make up to eight thousand seeds. The seeds form in narrow pods in the late spring. By late June, the seed pods pop open, and spread the seeds.

Garlic mustard quickly dominates natural areas such moist forests and dry woodlands. It suppresses native plant growth. The loss of native plants reduces the habitat value of the area.

Garlic Mustard Distribution and Reporting in Oregon

The red area on the map shows where garlic mustard is widespread. Yellow areas show counties where it has limited distribution. Grey areas show counties where it is not known to occur.

Reporting Invasive Species

You can help Oregon agencies track the distribution of invasive species.

If you know about an infestation of garlic mustard, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline. Call 1-866-INVADER (1-866-468-2337). Or use their online reporting form.

Have white, umbrella-like, flowerhead (umbels) that are 18-24 inches across

Stems are 2-4 inches in diameter and hollow. Have purplish-red blotches and bumps. Covered with stiff hairs.

Forms dense patches that emerge in later winter and spring. Stems die and remain standing late summer through early winter.

Plants grow about 12–18  inches tall. Leaves are shaped like an arrow with a pale green midrib and veins.

Flowers are a yellow-cream color and unpleasant smelling. They have a stubby spike and a large, white, funnel-shaped structure.

Fruits are tightly clustered on spikes. Fruits turn from green to orange-red, and contain seeds that spread it to new areas.

Stems extend below the soil surface. Forms white tubers and roots. They are difficult to remove.

Italian arum forms dense patches that are visible in fall through winter. In warm, dry summer months, the stems and leaves die back and are not visible above ground.

The leaves grow opposite one another along the red stems.

Leaves grow as long as 15 inches and 11 inches in width. But leaves can be smaller, as shown in the photo.

Flowers are abundant in mid to late summer. They grow on branches in the top 1/3 of the plant. Flowers make seeds that result in new plants. But seedlings play a small role in establishing new stands.

Stems are long, hollow, and segmented like bamboo. They grow from 4-15 feet tall and are often arched.

Knotweed spreads far beyond shoot growth with underground root structures (rhizomes). Stems and root pieces broken or cut away from rooted plants can make new plants.

In the fall and winter, knotweed stems die and remain standing. New growth emerges from the soil in early spring.

Forms dense patches that are visible in later winter and spring. Above-ground stems die back and are not visible during summer and fall.

Plants grow about 6-8 inches tall from the base (rosette).

Yellow flowers have yellow sepals (resemble petals).

Small, pale, bulbs (called bulbils) form on the stems. They attach to your shoes, clothes, and equipment. Bulbils are carried by flowing water to new areas.

Shiny geranium grows six to eighteen inches tall. It often forms dense mounds that smother other vegetation. It favors landscapes and the sides of roads, trails, and forest edges.

Stems range from green to red, depending on environmental conditions. The stems are hairless.

Plants turn red in the late spring and into summer. The green structures are mature flowers (capsules) that contain shiny geranium seeds.

Shiny geranium forcefully ejects its tiny seeds from their capsules. This trait helps spread the seeds to form dense carpets. The seeds are textured. They stick to shoes, clothing, and pets. The seeds are carried to new areas.

Shiny Geranium Distribution & Invasive Species Reporting in Oregon

Red areas show Oregon counties where shiny geranium is widespread. Yellow areas show counties where it has limited distribution. Grey areas show counties where shiny geranium is not known to occur.

Invasive Species Reporting

You can help Oregon agencies track the distribution of invasive species.

If you know about an infestation of shiny geranium, please report it to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline. Call 1-866-INVADER (1-866-468-2337). Or use their online reporting form.

The leaves are shiny and lobed. Shiny geranium has small, pink flowers with five petals.

Tansy ragwort stems grow 1.5-4 feet tall. It forms dense stands. Tansy ragwort thrives in areas with disturbed soil.

Its leaves are dark green on top and lighter underneath. They have deeply lobed leaves with a ruffled look.

Tansy ragwort has yellow, sunflower-family flowers. They have 15-ray flowers that look like petals.

After a tansy ragwort seed germinates, plants form a rosette. The rosettes have light-green leaves that grow close to the ground. The leaves are lobed.

The cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) was introduced to the Pacific Northwest. It helps to control tansy ragwort. The larvae of the moth defoliate tansy ragwort. See below for information about biocontrol.

Flowers are bright yellow with long, sharp spines at the base.

Stems are gray-green. The extended leaf bases make the stems appear winged.

Yellow starthistle forms a rosette after germinating. Plants in this stage grow a large taproot.

Yellow starthistle plants grow in dense stands from 6 inches to 5 feet tall.

Yellow starthistle plants can produce thousands of seeds. Up to 95% of seeds are viable. Seeds remain viable in the soil for 3 or more years.

Yellow archangel’s leaves are hairy and toothed. They grow opposite each other along the stem. Its leaves are often variegated with silver green markings

Some yellow archangel plants have green leaves. All plants of this species have yellow flowers as shown in the photo.

Once yellow archangel is established, it spreads via stem layering. When nodes on the stem contact the ground or get buried, they sprout roots. The line drawing shows layering. Stem fragments can also take root and establish new plants. Yellow archangel also spreads by seed.